Kern, Kern, Kern

Carl Shank • October 21, 2023

The Importance of Kerning.  Do you recall the song, "Turn, Turn, Turn" written by Pete Seeger in 1959 and sung by The Byrds? Perhaps not, depending on your age and music likes and dislikes, but another "song" for typographers is "Kern, Kern, Kern," initially written by Gene Gable in Publish magazine in December 1993. He advances the cause of kerning type for a smooth and even look, especially at very large sizes of font use in advertising and posters.


First things first, however. Perhaps you know there is an invisible space between characters, an invisible box. In original days of printing presses, typographers would look at this space and, if too much space occurred between letters, they would cut notches in wooden blocks to help letters fit together more evenly and aesthetically. As typesetting advanced into phototypesetting, the space around each character would be altered by moving a prism along a track. From this practice, we get tracking of type.


Sometimes the difference between kerning and tracking of type is not known. Tracking involves the spacing between all characters in a given section of text or headline. Tracking affects the overall "color" or character density within a given block of text. Tracking is also know as "letterspacing," and refers to the visual  "looseness" or "tightness" of text in a block. Kerning, on the other hand, refers to pairs of letters that are supposed to fit together in a pleasing way. Awkward looking gaps between letters, at whatever point size, are to be dealt with by "kerning" letters. In the old days of printing presses, typographers would fix this problem by cutting notches in the wooden blocks to help the letters fit closer together in a more visually pleasing way. 


Kerning is a subjective art. Not enough, perhaps, is said about this aspect of pairs of letters and how they look to observers. How you "see" something has to be taken into account in talking about kerning. Does this look like enough space? Does it look like too much? Are the letters too tight or too loose?  You need both readability and legibility, with legibility referring to the finer details of typography. Readability refers to a reader being able to absorb the body of your text. You need to watch out for certain letter combinations, like the slanted letters, A, K, V, W, Y, letters with arms or cross strokes: F, L, T, and  letter combinations: W or V + A (any order); T or F + a lowercase vowel or a period or comma. The Adriatic font below shows how such combinations can look bad, even with a decent formed font design.


Lower case letters need special attention, as well, with two straight letters needing the most space, a straight and a round letter needing less space and two round letters even less space. While the letters viewed on their own may look evenly spaced, it is the letter combinations that tell if proper kerning has taken place. Point sizes of letters need special attention, with larger sizes in posters, or ads, or logos needing manual kerning. Kerning mistakes will be glaring while working with large, highly visible letters. Special attention needs to be given to text that is tightly spaced, especially in combinations like "r" plus "n," where they may indeed run together.


Use kerning strategically. While most major typographers offer from a minimum of 4oo pairs to over 1,000 pairs, there are actually over 30,000 possible letter combinations that could concern the typographer. Expert type has been set by people with outstanding kerning skills and meticulous care. Thus, Sumner Stone from Adobe suggests that some typographers overdo tightness. Use H and O as reference characters, both a flat and a curved edge. Best yet, use a well-designed typeface, such as the Arno Pro face shown in the example below. Take the font x-height into account for readability, with the knowledge that typefaces with large x-heights are generally more readable at smaller sizes. get creative with manual kerning in posters and logos. Take FedEx, for instance, with negative space between the letters forming the well-known arrow of the company.


Some suggestions for proper kerning would be: (1) Get a good layout program like Adobe InDesign for special type projects use. Microsoft Word simply does not cut it here;  (2) Use commercially produced fonts made by reputable typographic companies, like Adobe; (3) Break down your work, especially larger pieces, like posters, into two letter pairs to spot where adjustments need to be made; (4) Get outside input and comment on your type designs and the use. See what others see; (5) Turn your work upside down and note the spaces between the letters for a different, maybe more revealing look; (6) Print your work out in different sizes and adjust kerning where needed; (7) Be careful of capital letters followed by punctuation or small letters, especially with a serif font; (8) Practice kerning using an online tool such as Kern Type.


Adobe writers note that "Practice and exposure are the key ingredients to fine-tuning your kerning expertise. Now that you have these tips and tricks in your back pocket, it’s time for you to put your kerning know-how into practice." (https://www.adobe.com/creativecloud/design/discover/kerning.html—ContributorsMadeline DeCotes, Nick Escobar, Robin Casey)


Successful Layout & Design

By Carl Shank • October 13, 2026
Type Trends 2026 Analysis Tiffany Wardle, The Type Founders copy and design service editor, has offered her perspectives on the state of type in 2026 (SEE https://bit.ly/4s5fgNV ) She offers the summary that “no single style has defined 2026.” She, instead, offers that “variety” is the defining feature of 2026 — “traditional and unconventional approaches, maximalism beside restraint, and pairings without an obvious connection that still suit their context.” She notes that familiar or bookish type is found in unexpected roles and scales, that “expressive type is paired with pragmatic type, and that character-rich typefaces used as logotypes with broader use of variable fonts for creativity and performance.” Instead of the traditional typeface advice of carefully selecting faces that harmonize with one another, and the classic sans-serif headlines with serif text, she notes that type in 2026 emphasizes contradiction — “Contradiction gives much current typography its appeal. A bold, mannered display face can sit beside a practical sans serif; the two need no obvious formal connection. Their contrast creates energy. These ideas are not new. Typography has always adapted and recombined earlier approaches for new purposes. What matters now is the particular mix—and the wide range of methods that can feel contemporary at once.” The age-old sage advice, that I posted in 2021, notes this about how to use and combine typefaces — "Robert Bringhurst wisely says — “The best type for a book about bicycle racing will be, first of all, an inherently good type. Second, it will be a good type for books, which is to say, a good type for comfortable long-distance reading. Third, it will be a type sympathetic to the theme. It will probably be lean, strong and swift; perhaps it will also be Italian. But it is unlikely to be carrying excess ornament or freight, and unlikely to be indulging in a masquerade.” ( The Elements of Typographic Style , 91). Jan White echoes this sentiment about choosing type in How To Spec Type — “There is no such thing as 'right' or 'correct' use of type. There is only vivid and eloquent effectiveness, or numbing and misleading ineffectiveness.” (10) Consequently, a math textbook will use a different typeface than a slogan on a can of soda or a bottle of wine. White suggests the following questions for the would-be use of a typeface in any context — [1] Does the way the type is handled in a specific circumstance fulfill its purpose? [2] Is it doing the job efficiently? [3] Is the message coming through clearly and vividly? is the message jumping off the page into the reader's mind crispy and memorably? (10) He goes on to say that “good typography is transparent, like blister-packaging — exposing the content inside and letting it speak for itself.” He agrees with Bringhurst about the use of type ornaments — “too often typography is used like gift wrapping, in the hope that cosmetic prettification will make the package seem more desirable.” (10) So then, “good typography links the verbal with the visual to produce arresting results. Good typography clarifies. It articulates. It elucidates. It expresses meaning.” (11) Many would-be editors and writers and office personnel try too hard when it comes to setting type. With the thousands of possible typefaces that are on the market today, produced by would-be typographers, playing with digital type producing programs, many people can get overwhelmed and confused and frustrated by what typeface to use.”(SEE my blog “How To Choose the Right Type for the Right Job,” March 29, 2021, www.caretypography.com ) This age-old and wise advice has been supplanted, I would suggest, by a post-modern theoretical, indeed theological, cast. Like Dutch De Stijl (See Reference ), or Dadaism (See Reference ), or Psychedelic (See Reference ) or Punk (See Reference ), or Grunge type (See Reference ), the cultural context of rebellion against any typography rules of readability and legibility and well-defined type go out the window in favor of whatever gives “energy” to an ad or a poster or a book that wins the day. Wardle goes on to say about 2026 type combinations — “Unexpected roles. Bookish, text-oriented, or familiar type appears at surprising scales or in applications not usually associated with it. Contrasting character. Maximalist or highly expressive type sits beside pragmatic type, with the overall composition mattering more than obvious stylistic harmony.” She says these contrasts “invite closer attention to the content and reasoning behind each choice.” Post-modernism rejects absolutes and what I would call “common-sense” order and structure. Everyone makes up their own rules, their own agendas, their own type combinations, ignoring centuries of time-tested typography. This is what “feeling contemporary” means. If I am correct, then the 2026 typeface choices and patterns will likewise disappear from regular use. Using what has been called display type for “normal” use betrays one of White’s criticisms — “too often typography is used like gift wrapping, in the hope that cosmetic prettification will make the package seem more desirable.” What is important is what is on the inside of the package, not the audacious gift wrapping.  I would imagine that Wardle would point to White’s other typography notes that say “good typography links the verbal with the visual to produce arresting results. Good typography clarifies. It articulates. It elucidates. It expresses meaning.” She might point out the “energy” aspect of 2026 type choices and combinations and maintain that they accomplish the same thing as White suggests. I am not at all sure about that. Some of Fonts In Use samples below are what Wardle highlights (SEE https://fontsinuse.com ). You make the judgment call.
By Carl Shank • September 9, 2026
Typeface characteristics are the visual and structural features that distinguish one typeface from another. They determine a typeface’s historical appearance, readability, personality, and appropriate use. Useful Ways to Analyze Any Typeface. When examining an unfamiliar typeface, ask these questions in order (provided by ChatGPT) — Does it have serifs? What kind of serifs? How much thick/thin contrast is present? What is the stress angle? What is the x-height? How wide or narrow are the letters? How are the counters constructed? What do the terminals look like? What are distinctive letters such as a, g, e, R, and Q doing? How does the typeface behave in a paragraph—open, dark, dense, airy, mechanical, or calligraphic? What historical or technological process does its construction suggest? What personality does the combination of these characteristics produce? There are a number of online sources to help identify typefaces ( See Feb. 6, 2022 Blog for more explanation and use.) Sources include — MyFonts ( www.myfonts.com/WhatTheFont ), FontSquirrel ( www.fontsquirrel.com/matcherator ) WhtFontIs ( www.whatfontis.com ) Identifont ( www.identifont.com ) is one of the best. Here are the questions it will ask you — Does it have feet (serifs) or not (sans-serifs)? What style is the tail on uppercase Q? What style is the ampersand (the &)? Is the numeral “4” open or closed? What style of vertical line does the Dollar sign ($) have? How high is the center vertex of the uppercase M? Sit on the line or not? What type of bar does the uppercase G have? How far below the baseline does the uppercase J extend? What about the uppercase R? How far does the center bar extend? Is there a gap with the vertical part of the letter? Does it meet or cross the vertical? What about the question mark (?) What shape is the dot at the bottom? Is it circular, square, triangular, rectangular or even missing? The important point is that a typeface should not be identified by a single characteristic. Its identity comes from the interaction of serifs, contrast, stress, proportions, counters, terminals, spacing, and letterform construction.
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