It's Greek To Me!

Carl Shank • March 18, 2023

It's Greek to Me! (or in the actual ancient Greek language, είναι ελληνικό για μένα!) Having successfully navigated the Greek Koiné (Koiné refers to the Ancient Greek of the New Testament Bible) classes in seminary and using that knowledge in my pastoral and theological life, it is perhaps time to talk about Greek text. I found Robert Bringhurst's (The Elements of Typographic Style, Hartley & Marks, Version 3.1, 2005) coverage of Greek fonts fascinating and noteworthy.


Bringhurst points to three important classes of Greek type, that have been with us since the fifteenth century — the orthotic, the cursive and the chancery script variations. Orthotic Greek is analogous to roman, with upright letters. Cursive Greek is like our italic faces. Chancery Greek are more elaborate forms of the cursive. Bringhurst says that "[the orthotic] is the oldest form of Greek type, first seen in the partial alphabets cut by Peter Schaeffer the Elder at Mainz and by Konrad Sweynheym at Subiaco, near Rome, in 1465. It is also the style of the first full-fledged and polytonic [using two or more breathing and diacritic marks] Greek type, cut by Nicolas Jenson at Venice in 1471." (Elements, p. 274) He notes that the "most widely used modern version is the New Hellenic type designed by Victor Scholderer in London in 1927." (Ibid)


Cursive Greek type appeared as a chancery script by Francesco Griffo in 1502 and lasted two hundred years. Bringhurst again notes that "chancery Greeks were cut by many artists from Garamond to Cason, but Neoclassical and Romantic designers . . . all returned to simpler cursive forms . . . in the English speaking world the cursive Greek most often seen is the one designed in 1806 by Richard Porson." This face has been the "standard Greek face for the Oxford Classical Texts for over a century." (Elements, pp. 274, 278)


"Most Greek faces are like the Renaissance italics: upright, formal capitals [ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ] married to a flowing, often sloping, lower case." (Elements, p. 275) He also notes that Greek faces are often used alone or as supplementary faces intermixed with standard roman faces. Perhaps the most widely known Greek face is the Symbol font that was issued by Apple in the Laserwriter in the 1980s — "Symbol (often written as Σψμβολ in typeface) is one of the four standard fonts available on all PostScript-based printers, starting with Apple's original LaserWriter (1985). It contains a complete unaccented Greek alphabet (upper and lower case) and a selection of commonly used mathematical symbols. Insofar as it fits into any standard classification, it is a serif font designed in the style of Times New Roman. Due to its non-standard character set, lack of diacritical characters, and type design inappropriate for continuous text, Symbol cannot easily be used for setting Greek language text, though it has been used for that purpose in the absence of proper Greek fonts. Its primary purpose is to typeset mathematical expressions." (Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Symbol_(typeface))


True Greek fonts, like those used in Bible texts and classroom settings, often come from Linguist's Software.  This company has been making Greek fonts for quite a while, first starting with the SuperGreek and SSuperGreek fonts supplied by that firm. They have produced a number of Greek fonts used in the United Bible Society's texts over the years. A survey of some of their font choices is in the second illustration below.


A page of greek text with numbers 1 through 6 on it

1 Font sample #1 has been taken from the Accordance Software program (NA28 Greek NT) from Oaktree Software (www.accordancebible.com). This complete Greek New Testament is based on the NA28 (Nestle-Aland, 28th Edition). The text is identical to the NA28 in all aspects except it does not include critical apparatus marks, available in NA28-T.


2 Font Sample #2 is from The Greek New Testament, Fourth Revised Edition, 1993, using Linguist's Software SuperGreek and SSuperGreek fonts.Note the different epsilon from the other font samples. This would be a  reworking, I believe, of the Richard Porson font initially issued by Monotype in 1912 and then by Linguist's Software group in their LaserGreek set.


3 Font Sample #3 is from the Minion Pro font characters. Note the swash tilde above the alpha character (a). Minion is a contemporary type family created by Robert Slimbach and released by Adobe Originals.


4 Font Sample #4 is from Gills Sans Nova font, originally designed in the 1950s by Monotype draftsmen, namely by "Monotype Studio designer George Ryan, who expands the much-loved Gill Sans family from 18 to 43 fonts and features a coordinated range of roman and condensed designs. The Gill Sans Nova typeface family is part of the new Eric Gill Series, drawing on Monotype's heritage to remaster and expand and revitalize Eric Gill's body of work, with more weights, more characters and more lanquages to meet a wide range of design requirements." (From fonts.com)

5 Font Sample #5 is the Helvetica Neue font's rendering of the Greek text. What is interesting is that this is a sans-serif rendering of the Greek font and an expansion on the classic Helvetica typeface. Neue Helvetica World fonts enable the setting of pan-European languages, in addition to Arabic, Armenian, Cyrillic, Georgian, Greek, Hebrew, Thai and Vietnamese.


6 Font Sample #6 is from the Times New Roman front, again an expansion from the original Times font family.

A white background with the letters abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz

The sample Greek fonts on the right are all from Linguist's Software. They describe the font selections this way —


 1 "GraecaUBS, a light text font similar to Rahlf’s Septuaginta font. The italic style matches the style of the regular text of the UBS Greek New Testament, 1st through 3rd editions, and was created at their request for future editions. GraecaUBS is provided in plain, bold, italic, and bold-italic styles.


2 GreekSans II, a Helvetica®- (Arial®-) style sans serif Greek font with classical accents and letters. It is provided in plain, bold, italic, and bold-italic styles.


3 Hellenica, a new font optimized for classical Greek with similarities in style to the SymbolGreek® font found in the original LaserGreek product.


4 OdysseaUBS, the font style of the bold text in the UBS Greek New Testament, 1st through 3rd editions.


5 Payne, an Attic-style Greek typeface. Payne is provided in plain, bold, italic, and bold-italic styles.


6 TeubnerLSC, like TeubnerLS, but with a crescent moon-shaped circumflex. It is provided in plain and bold."



A page of greek writing with numbers 1 through 6

Successful Layout & Design

By Carl Shank • October 13, 2026
Type Trends 2026 Analysis Tiffany Wardle, The Type Founders copy and design service editor, has offered her perspectives on the state of type in 2026 (SEE https://bit.ly/4s5fgNV ) She offers the summary that “no single style has defined 2026.” She, instead, offers that “variety” is the defining feature of 2026 — “traditional and unconventional approaches, maximalism beside restraint, and pairings without an obvious connection that still suit their context.” She notes that familiar or bookish type is found in unexpected roles and scales, that “expressive type is paired with pragmatic type, and that character-rich typefaces used as logotypes with broader use of variable fonts for creativity and performance.” Instead of the traditional typeface advice of carefully selecting faces that harmonize with one another, and the classic sans-serif headlines with serif text, she notes that type in 2026 emphasizes contradiction — “Contradiction gives much current typography its appeal. A bold, mannered display face can sit beside a practical sans serif; the two need no obvious formal connection. Their contrast creates energy. These ideas are not new. Typography has always adapted and recombined earlier approaches for new purposes. What matters now is the particular mix—and the wide range of methods that can feel contemporary at once.” The age-old sage advice, that I posted in 2021, notes this about how to use and combine typefaces — "Robert Bringhurst wisely says — “The best type for a book about bicycle racing will be, first of all, an inherently good type. Second, it will be a good type for books, which is to say, a good type for comfortable long-distance reading. Third, it will be a type sympathetic to the theme. It will probably be lean, strong and swift; perhaps it will also be Italian. But it is unlikely to be carrying excess ornament or freight, and unlikely to be indulging in a masquerade.” ( The Elements of Typographic Style , 91). Jan White echoes this sentiment about choosing type in How To Spec Type — “There is no such thing as 'right' or 'correct' use of type. There is only vivid and eloquent effectiveness, or numbing and misleading ineffectiveness.” (10) Consequently, a math textbook will use a different typeface than a slogan on a can of soda or a bottle of wine. White suggests the following questions for the would-be use of a typeface in any context — [1] Does the way the type is handled in a specific circumstance fulfill its purpose? [2] Is it doing the job efficiently? [3] Is the message coming through clearly and vividly? is the message jumping off the page into the reader's mind crispy and memorably? (10) He goes on to say that “good typography is transparent, like blister-packaging — exposing the content inside and letting it speak for itself.” He agrees with Bringhurst about the use of type ornaments — “too often typography is used like gift wrapping, in the hope that cosmetic prettification will make the package seem more desirable.” (10) So then, “good typography links the verbal with the visual to produce arresting results. Good typography clarifies. It articulates. It elucidates. It expresses meaning.” (11) Many would-be editors and writers and office personnel try too hard when it comes to setting type. With the thousands of possible typefaces that are on the market today, produced by would-be typographers, playing with digital type producing programs, many people can get overwhelmed and confused and frustrated by what typeface to use.”(SEE my blog “How To Choose the Right Type for the Right Job,” March 29, 2021, www.caretypography.com ) This age-old and wise advice has been supplanted, I would suggest, by a post-modern theoretical, indeed theological, cast. Like Dutch De Stijl (See Reference ), or Dadaism (See Reference ), or Psychedelic (See Reference ) or Punk (See Reference ), or Grunge type (See Reference ), the cultural context of rebellion against any typography rules of readability and legibility and well-defined type go out the window in favor of whatever gives “energy” to an ad or a poster or a book that wins the day. Wardle goes on to say about 2026 type combinations — “Unexpected roles. Bookish, text-oriented, or familiar type appears at surprising scales or in applications not usually associated with it. Contrasting character. Maximalist or highly expressive type sits beside pragmatic type, with the overall composition mattering more than obvious stylistic harmony.” She says these contrasts “invite closer attention to the content and reasoning behind each choice.” Post-modernism rejects absolutes and what I would call “common-sense” order and structure. Everyone makes up their own rules, their own agendas, their own type combinations, ignoring centuries of time-tested typography. This is what “feeling contemporary” means. If I am correct, then the 2026 typeface choices and patterns will likewise disappear from regular use. Using what has been called display type for “normal” use betrays one of White’s criticisms — “too often typography is used like gift wrapping, in the hope that cosmetic prettification will make the package seem more desirable.” What is important is what is on the inside of the package, not the audacious gift wrapping.  I would imagine that Wardle would point to White’s other typography notes that say “good typography links the verbal with the visual to produce arresting results. Good typography clarifies. It articulates. It elucidates. It expresses meaning.” She might point out the “energy” aspect of 2026 type choices and combinations and maintain that they accomplish the same thing as White suggests. I am not at all sure about that. Some of Fonts In Use samples below are what Wardle highlights (SEE https://fontsinuse.com ). You make the judgment call.
By Carl Shank • September 9, 2026
Typeface characteristics are the visual and structural features that distinguish one typeface from another. They determine a typeface’s historical appearance, readability, personality, and appropriate use. Useful Ways to Analyze Any Typeface. When examining an unfamiliar typeface, ask these questions in order (provided by ChatGPT) — Does it have serifs? What kind of serifs? How much thick/thin contrast is present? What is the stress angle? What is the x-height? How wide or narrow are the letters? How are the counters constructed? What do the terminals look like? What are distinctive letters such as a, g, e, R, and Q doing? How does the typeface behave in a paragraph—open, dark, dense, airy, mechanical, or calligraphic? What historical or technological process does its construction suggest? What personality does the combination of these characteristics produce? There are a number of online sources to help identify typefaces ( See Feb. 6, 2022 Blog for more explanation and use.) Sources include — MyFonts ( www.myfonts.com/WhatTheFont ), FontSquirrel ( www.fontsquirrel.com/matcherator ) WhtFontIs ( www.whatfontis.com ) Identifont ( www.identifont.com ) is one of the best. Here are the questions it will ask you — Does it have feet (serifs) or not (sans-serifs)? What style is the tail on uppercase Q? What style is the ampersand (the &)? Is the numeral “4” open or closed? What style of vertical line does the Dollar sign ($) have? How high is the center vertex of the uppercase M? Sit on the line or not? What type of bar does the uppercase G have? How far below the baseline does the uppercase J extend? What about the uppercase R? How far does the center bar extend? Is there a gap with the vertical part of the letter? Does it meet or cross the vertical? What about the question mark (?) What shape is the dot at the bottom? Is it circular, square, triangular, rectangular or even missing? The important point is that a typeface should not be identified by a single characteristic. Its identity comes from the interaction of serifs, contrast, stress, proportions, counters, terminals, spacing, and letterform construction.
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